The Biology Behind Type 2 Diabetes Essay - 1895 Words

ï ¿ ¼Name: Arnold Thaivichit Focus questions to my research and report: ââ€"  Why is Type-2 diabetes an issue in our community? ââ€"  What is the biology behind Type-2 Diabetes? ââ€"  Does adding a Healthier diet and Exercise plan to your daily lifestyle prevent you from getting Type-2 Diabetes? Diabetes itself is a major problem not only in our community but in the whole world including tiny New Zealand. The numbers of people diagnosed with Diabetes are over 240,000 and 100,000 do not know they have been diagnosed with Diabetes. The most common ethnic group to have Diabetes is Maori and Pacific Islanders and their also 3 times likely to get it than other New Zealanders. Asian people from the south are also more likely to develop Diabetes. New Zealand itself is one of the top obese countries in the world it is 3rd on the list sitting under America that is #2 in the world and with Mexico being the most obese country in the world currently. So i was wondering if having a Healthier diet or a exercise plan to your daily lifestyle prevent you from Type-2 Diabetes? So in this essay i’m going to focus talking about the concepts of Type-2 Diabetes, how it has a issue in our communities, the Biology (Science) behind Type-2 Diabetes that could possibly prevent us from getting diagnosed with Type-2 Diabetes. What is Type-2 diabetes and what is the science behind it? There are two types of diabetes and I’m here to talk about Type-2 Diabetes, this disease is a chronic disease meaning it is long termShow MoreRelatedThe Biology Behind Type 2 Diabetes Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesIntroducing questions†¦ 1. Main question: Why do Maori/Pacific islanders, have a greater chance of getting diabetes than all other cultures in New Zealand? -Maori and PI communities are 3 times more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than other New Zealanders? I believe this is linked to the high obesity and heart disease rates in our communities. Other questions†¦ 2: Why is type 2 diabetes an issue in our community? -this is an issue as it gives your town a bad rep, affects families as theyRead MoreThe Biology Behind Type 2 Diabetes2358 Words   |  10 PagesDiabetes Q1 - Why is Type-2 diabetes and issue in our community Q2 - What is the biology behind Type-2 Diabetes? Q3 - Does Obesity cause diabetes? 2, Treat/Prevent 2, Opinion/Viewpoint Reliability Personal Opinion what they need to change Type 2 diabetes is A very prominent issue in our community, usually it is older people who get it, however it is becoming an increasing issue as younger children are getting it. â€Å" In 1996 approximately 81,000 people in New Zealand were known to have TypeRead MoreA Brief Note On Type 2 Diabetes And Obesity1493 Words   |  6 PagesMy Report is about, Type 2 Diabetes. I’ll be giving a short summary about what is type 2 diabetes and i will be giving others perspective and also my own. Im going to tell you the symptoms of type 2 diabetes .I’m going to show the three resources that I used. My main research question I’m doing is what is the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity? Also I’m researching on 2 other questions, what is the biology (science) behind Type-2 diabetes? And why is Type-2 diabetes an issue in our communityRead MoreHow Does Insulin Help Diabetes Be Controlled And How Has It Changed Over The Past Years?1091 Words   |  5 Pa gesdiagnosed with diabetes the health.govt.nz states. Diabetes is one of the many causes of death in New Zealand.The body has difficulties with trying to use and produce Insulin which is mainly the reason behind type 2 diabetics. There are 5 types of Insulin such as rapid-acting Insulin, short-acting Insulin, Intermediate-acting Insulin, long-acting Insulin and premixed Insulin. Insulin is one of the key things that help prevent the disease type 2 diabetes. So, is Insulin bad or good? Why is type 2 diabetesRead MoreThe Link Between Type 2 Diabetes And Obesity Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesMy Research Question Is: What is the link between Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Additional Questions to be Answered: 1. Why is Type 2 Diabetes an issue in our Community 2. What is the biology (science) behind Type 2 Diabetes First let’s establish what diabetes is. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses Glucose, the main type of sugar in the blood. The body takes in and breaks down foods into glucose and others sugars that are needed to fuel the body functions. The Glucose level inRead MoreNature And Nurture Of Diabetes1178 Words   |  5 Pagesin Diabetes Diabetes is a rising problem in the world and has become one of the most dangerous diseases faced by the world. Diabetes is a sickness that individuals can acquire which makes the body not function properly because sugar is not metabolised properly (Stefanik-Sidener, 2013). This is a very serious medical issue because those who develop it can sometimes have it for a long time or even their whole lives. It has been found that 9% of the world’s population have some type of diabetes (HelgesonRead MoreEssay Molecular Insights into the Hormone Insulin1680 Words   |  7 PagesActive insulin is formed after specific peptidases â€Å"cleave† the proinsulin, and it is stored in granules that remain within the cytoplasm.4 As blood glucose concentrations rise, the pancreas is stimulated to release insulin into the bloodstream. Type 2 glucose transporters, GLUT2, regulate the entry of glucose into beta cells. The glucose is modified by a glucokinase enzyme and is metabolized to form ATP, energy molecules, through glycolysis. The increased ATP level in the cell causes potassiumRead MoreVegetarian And Vegan Diets On Type 2 Diabetes Management Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of cancers, my grandfather was a survivor of 3 drastically different types of cancer at varying times in his life,† the doctors believe that it was his vegan diet that helped him survive. By putting quality foods in your body you will get good out. This topic is important for future research and practices in the fight against cancer and other diseases. Barnard, Neal D., et al. Vegetarian And Vegan Diets In Type 2 Diabetes Management. Nutrition Reviews 67.5 (2009): 255-263. Academic Search CompleteRead MoreAre Infants More At Risk Of Developing Type 2 Diabetes? Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1: Why is type two diabetes an issue in our community? Question 2: What is the biology (science) behind type-2 diabetes? Research question: Are premature babies more at risk of developing type-2 diabetes? There are 350 million sufferers of type-2 diabetes worldwide; New Zealand has the third highest rate of obesity and contributes to this concern. Type-2 diabetes is a concerning even more, its an increasing issue in our New Zealand community. In 2006 the Ministry of Social Development surveyedRead MoreThe Effects Of Alzheimer s And Dementia Among Elderly Populations1709 Words   |  7 PagesNeuropathologists at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island discovered in other research that insulin affects effective brain signalling across the neurons. Type 2 diabetes is associated with poor sensitivity to insulin. This had led some some researchers to suggest that Alzheimer’s disease may in fact be another type of diabetes (Trivedi, Bijal, 2012). Discussion: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the development of plaque or protein deposits in the brain, especially areas associated

Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic Theory Free Essays

In the early 20th century, German scientist Alfred Wegener published a book explaining his theory that the continental landmasses, far from being immovable, were drifting across the Earth. He called this movement continental drift. Wegener noticed that the coasts of western Africa and eastern South America looked like the edges of interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. We will write a custom essay sample on Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was not the first to notice this, but he was the first to formally present evidence suggesting that the two continents had once been connected. Wegener was convinced that the two continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass that had split apart. He knew that the two areas had many geological and biological similarities. For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3. 3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean. The presence of mesosaurus suggests a single habitat with many lakes and rivers. Wegener believed that all the continents—not just Africa and South America—had once been joined in a single supercontinent. This huge ancient landmass is known as Pangaea, which means â€Å"all lands† in Greek. Pangaea existed about 240 million years ago. By about 200 million years ago, this supercontinent began breaking up. Over millions of years, Pangaea separated into pieces that moved away from one another. These pieces slowly assumed their present positions as the continents. PLATE TECTONIC THEORY Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen â€Å"plates† that move around across the earth’s surface relative to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake. There are seven or eight major plates and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually. Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth’s lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge and drag, downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and the Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors is unclear, and is still subject to debate. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Fun Facts: * The highest mountain range above sea level, the Himalayas, was formed 55 million years ago when the Eurasian and Indo-Australian continental plates converged. Due to ongoing convergence, the Himalayas, including Mount Everest, continue to rise by approximately 2 centimeters (?1 inch) each year. * The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean. Along its crest, the ridge has a deep rift valley that, on average, is similar to the depth and width of the Grand Canyon: 1 to 3 kilometers (0. 6 -1. 8 miles) deep and 6. 5 to 29 kilometers (4-18 miles) wide. * Scientists are able to calculate average rates of tectonic plate movement for a given time period. These rates of movement range widely. For example, the rate of spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Iceland is relatively slow, about 2. 5 centimeters (1 inch) per year. This is similar to the rate at which fingernails grow. The fastest known rate of plate movement, 15 centimeters (6 inches) per year, occurs on the East Pacific Rise in the South Pacific. SEAFLOOR SPREADING Seafloor spreading is a process of plate tectonics. New oceanic crust is created as large slabs of the Earth’s crust split apart from each other and magma wells up to fill the gap. The large slabs of rock that make up the Earth’s crust are called tectonic plates. As they slowly move away from each other beneath the ocean floor, hot magma from the Earth’s mantle bubbles to the surface. This magma is then cooled by seawater. The new rock forms a new part of the Earth’s crust. Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridges—large mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor. New bodies of water and even continents can be created through seafloor spreading. The Red Sea, for example, was created through seafloor spreading, as the African plate and the Arabian plate tear away from each other. Today, the northern Sinai Peninsula connects the Middle East (Asia) with North Africa. Eventually, geologists predict, seafloor spreading will expand the Red Sea so that it will completely separate the two continents. . Seafloor spreading disproves an early part of the theory of continental drift. Continental drift was one of the first theories that the Earth’s crust was dynamic and always in motion. Supporters of continental drift originally theorized that the continents moved (drifted) through unmoving oceans. Seafloor spreading proves that the ocean floor itself is the site of tectonic activity. Subduction is the opposite of seafloor spreading. Subduction happens where tectonic plates crash into each other instead of spreading apart. In subduction zones, the edge of the heavier plate subducts, or slides, beneath the lighter one. It then melts back into the Earth’s mantle. Seafloor spreading creates new crust. Subduction destroys old crust. The two forces roughly balance each other, so the shape and diameter of the Earth remains constant. How to cite Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic Theory, Papers

Physical Therapy for Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Questions: 1. List two impairments that may be found during a vestibular assessment that would indicate a central versus a peripheral vestibular pathology. Indicate during which test or observation in which these impairments may be noted. 2. Identify and describe the treatment strategies that are the most beneficial for the posterior and horizontal canal based upon the Practice Parameter: Therapies for Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (An Evidence-Based Review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of American Academy of Neurology. 3. Based upon the Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, describe whether you would provide post-treatment precautions to a patient you treated for BPPV. If you recommend restrictions, describe your restriction, rationale as to why, and your restriction duration. 4. Perform the Dix Hallpike and the Canalith Repositioning Maneuver for the posterior canal on any willing person. Describe your experience. Do you feel you are ready to perform this on a patient? Answers: 1. It has been observed that the reduction in an appropriate neural output can happen due to the dual effect of Peripheral Vestibular Disorders (PVD) and Central Vestibular Disorders (CVD). This effect and reduction in neural output hamper the eye movement and spatial orientation. Individuals facing this impairment have found to face various problems that include dizziness, falls, imbalance, bilateral vestibulopathy, vertigo associated with dysfunction of the auditory system, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vertigo associated with brainstem and oscillopsia (visual blurring) (Bhattacharyya et al., 2008). Assessment and inspection of the tympanic membrane and external ear are one of the tests and observations that can find out the impairment. Other tests and observation include Cranial nerve examination that can identify the potential cause of hearing loss and palsies. Apart from this, Dix-Hallpike test can clinically confirm the diagnosis of the posterior canal for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). However, various other tests are also important in finding out the impairments (Kutz 2010). These tests are vestibular testing, radiographic imaging, audiometric testing, computerized posturography, balance and gait testing, electronystagmography, orthostatic balance testing, audiometry testing, bedside testing, etc. 2. Many scientists and researchers have claimed that Dix-Hallpike maneuver therapy is the best-known diagnosis for posterior canal based BPPV. The treatment includes a top pole of rotational beating with the presence of torsion and up beating nystagmus. The whole set up is focused on the downside (affected) ear of the patient. The therapy follows a technique where the patients head is turned 45 degrees towards the position where it needs to be tested, and then the head is laid back (Fife et al., 2008). During this process, if the patient is suffering from BPVV then the nystagmus would ensure it within a second. Hence, nystagmus along with Dix-Hallpix maneuver technique is considered the ideal therapy for posterior canal BPPV. The horizontal canal based BPPV is diagnosed with Dix-Hallpike or supine maneuver process. They produce two types of geotropic positions. In the first prototype, the geotropic position is presented towards the ground that is known as the horizontal geotropic. The second prototype produces the geotropic position facing away from the ground that is known as apo-geotropic. Both of these geotropic possess a direction changing paroxysmal positional nystagmus. The patient is tested while he/she is seated in a straight supine position (Post Dickerson 2010). The patient is examined with the help of nystagmus. The observation of nystagmus is recorded by turning the head of the patient each in left and right side once. The readings and direction of nystagmus finally verify the type of horizontal canal BPPV and identifies the nature (geotropic or apogeotropic). Moreover, certain other techniques have been identified for the treatment of horizontal canal BPPV that are barbecue roll maneuver, Gu foni maneuver and VannucchiAsprella liberatory maneuver techniques (Troxel, Drobatz Vite 2015). 3. I would suggest the patients of post-treatment precautions who have been treated for BPPV under my guidance. Firstly, I would advise the patient to perform Brandt-Daroff exercises. This particular exercise would help him/her get accustomed to the abnormal balance signal that is triggered from the particles of the inner ear. Moreover, it would also assist the brain of the patient to get used to his/her conditions and it would provide immense help for setting him/her up for the further therapy and treatment. Moreover, I would like to suggest the patient that he/she should perform the exercise in three sets in a single day and should continue doing it for at least two weeks. Apart from this exercise, I would also suggest him/her to maintain a proper balance exercise for vertigo like standing up with the feet resting together, moving the head from side to side (Zaidi Sinha 2013). These small activities are believed to help the patient to get the cure and overcome the benign paroxysma l positional vertigo (BPPV) related problems. Moreover, the following exercises need to be performed by the patient on a regular basis (at least five times a day for the two weeks and so on). On the other hand, individual studies and research works have revealed that self-administered Canalith repositioning procedure (CRP) if assisted with Semont maneuver and Brandt-Daroff techniques result in good post-treatment precautions for the patients. And hence, I would also like to suggest the patient perform CRP's to provide them with better precautions. Apart from this, certain restrictions should be followed by the patients at every time as post-treatment restrictions are as follows - Getting up slowly from the bed and sitting on the edge of the bed before standing Try to avoid leaning to pick up anything from the ground Avoid sleeping sideways with the year as that may cause fatal and severe consequences Need to be extra careful while reclining Physical sports like football, rugby or anything that requires a vigorous jerk to the body should be avoided Avoid to move the head up and down . Avoid tilting the head frequently 4. The experience that I gained is that the Dix-Hallpike test requires "head hanging" for the patient maintaining a 10-degree rise in head position. Now, if the movement fails, then tests for horizontal semicircular canals are conducted. Again, if no nystagmus result is obtained in this position, then posterior semi-circular canals are tested. Moreover, I have also observed that the head hanging position followed by right and left movement of the head results in the collection of canaliths that ultimately provides a positive outcome. However, I have also observed that failure in conducting the posterior semi-circular canal testing will eventually provide us with false negative results. I have also experienced that horizontal canal trial and repetition of Dix-Hallpike test will ultimately decrease the chances for the patient undergoing extra tests. Moreover, these additional tests often lead to misdiagnosis. Furthermore, I also understood that if vertigo or nystagmuses elicit a moveme nt then a proper and appropriate CRM is carried out. Yes, as a doctor I am very much confident and ready on the fact that I can perform these methods on the patients. Reference Bhattacharyya, N., Baugh, R. F., Orvidas, L., Barrs, D., Bronston, L. J., Cass, S., ... Fuller, D. C. (2008). Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,139(5), S47-S81. Fife, T. D., Iverson, D. J., Lempert, T., Furman, J. M., Baloh, R. W., Tusa, R. J., ... Gronseth, G. S. (2008). Practice Parameter: Therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review) Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.Neurology,70(22), 2067-2074. Kutz, J.W., (2010). The dizzy patient.Medical Clinics of North America,94(5), pp.989-1002. Post, R. E., Dickerson, L. M. (2010). Dizziness: a diagnostic approach.Am Fam Physician,82(4), 361-68. Troxel, M. T., Drobatz, K. J., Vite, C. H. (2015). Signs of neurologic dysfunction in dogs with central versus peripheral vestibular disease.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,227(4), 570-574. Zaidi, S. H., Sinha, A. (2013). Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). InVertigo(pp. 81-90). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zhang, Y. X., Wu, C. L., Xiao, G. R., Zhong, F. F. (2012). [Comparison of three types of self-treatments for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: modified Epley maneuver, modified Semont maneuver and Brandt-Daroff maneuver].Chinese journal of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery,47(10), 799-803.